[…]
W: In, in the company where I worked, and the
war went on and was slowly
coming to an end, and the questions kept coming: “Kurt, when are you going home?”
Came from individuals too, of course.
K: So, they, they asked when, when are you going back?
W: Not at all, no malice, not at all. And again, I have to emphasize this
here, it has to be said, the women in particular conducted themselves very well.
K: Mh.
W: The women workers. That’s quite amazing.
K: Mh.
W: I don’t want to generalize either.
K: Mh.
W: For heaven’s sake, not that they were all the same. But one uh, just the
example when I came back: ...
K: Mh.
W: Men often went: “When are you going home?” We have to give that as an
example. And I decided to return in 1946.
K: When?
W: In November, after all, I could only return
when the ship was sailing and if England was prepared to let me go back.
K: Ah.
W: And it was Carl-Heinz Rebstock who asked
me to return; he had survived. And there were already connections from our side as
well, as I was organized in the Free
German League of Culture Freier Deutscher Kulturbund, ...
K: Mh.
W: ... and there were already connections to bring Germans back to
Germany, eh, eh,
refugees back to Germany. Why? In order to
help.
K: Was it one of the first opportunities to return?
W: For me, it was the first opportunity. They were perhaps the first ones to
return, maybe four, five months before that.
K: Mh.
W: Not any time earlier.
K: Mh.
W: There was a certain inhibition, ...
K: Mh.
W: ... to let us go back, because anyway, there were quite a few
Communists among us.
K: Mh.
W: And eh, the British occupation authorities
were suspicious of letting such people go back.
K: Mh.
W: No, that’s quite clear to us. However, eventually it was through the
requests by friends that it happened, wasn’t it.
K: Mh. So, you wanted to, you were about to describe, I interrupted you, I’m
sorry, eh, the women, how did the women react when you left?
[…]
Abridged: About the work in the wire-weaving
mill
W: Yes. So eh, they said to me when they heard that I had registered in, in,
I registered very early, at the beginning of September, at the beginning of eh, at
the beginning of ‘46, I registered, ...
K: Mh.
W: ... In ’45, I had already registered, at the
beginning of ‘46, I think, and when they heard
that, they said, they scolded me. They said: “Listen, you’re crazy. You’ve got a
wife, you’ve got a child, you can’t go over to the circ-, do you know what
circumstances are like over there? You can’t go there. You can’t do that.” All of
the women.
K: Mh.
W: And a whole bunch of men went: "Kurt, when are you going home?"
K: Mh, mh.
W: Well, it was the workplace, wasn’t it.
K: Yes, yes, yes.
W: It’s interesting, isn’t it.
K: Mh.
W: With women, this personal, this empathy for ...
K: Mh.
W: ... family concerns ...
K: The men also perceived you as a competitor.
W: Yes. But not the women.
K: Mh.
W: That’s interesting, isn’t it? Not a single woman. So, they practically
swarmed me. And then, when I visited them again after ten years, it was so
wonderful. I went back, I made a sentimental journey. By then I was already in the
teaching profession.
K: Mh.
W: I was able to do that. And that was so strange: The men were much more
reserved and all that. I’m not saying anything against them, they were nice and all
that. The women, they started making (laughs
slightly), a real fuss, didn’t they? I always say (W. in an elevated mood):
“Blody Kurt” and then they were like that, right. So, I’ll never forget that, no.
K: Mh.
W: Well, that was such a friendship, wasn’t it. That’s why I would say I’m
incredibly grateful to England, ...
K: Mh.
W: ... for what they did for me.
K: Mh.
W: So, they saved me and my family too. […] Abridged: About the professional activity in
England
W: The only thing I want to say politically is that we were organized with
refugees ...
K: Mh.
W: ... together in the Free
German League of Culture Freier Deutscher Kulturbund, which ...
K: What am I to understand by that?
W: Yes, so these are people who eh, continued the resistance, basically the
idea of resistance, which was conducted in Germany, eh, abroad in
favor of the German anti-Fascists and never wished to break off the connection to
German anti-Fascism; and the closer the end of Hitler approached, they prepared
the readiness to go back to Germany as early as possible to join anti-Fascists, they were
outspoken anti-Fascists, to be able to work along anti-Fascist ways in Germany. Excerpt 4a, 08:14-16:04, duration: 07:58
K: Now allow me a question: After all, it’s unusual to return as a Jew.
W: Yes.
K: What were your driving forces?
W: That was my ...
K: Mh.
W: ... actually an obligation had been growing. Eh, it probably stemmed from
the time when I decided to join the resistance. That was a continuity.
K: Mh.
W: Well, then what was added, what came together at that time and place:
Never again. Since I’ve survived after all, to join, united, in the effort, working
together so that they’d never again have a chance.
K: Mh.
W: Optimistic. Very optimistic.
K: Mh, mh.
K: And eh, the feeling now of returning as a Jew, where eh, ...
W: Yes.
K: a majority...
W: Yes.
K: ... of the German Jews ...
W: Yes, yes.
K: ... had been murdered.
W: Because I thought, you see, you might remember my statement in the cab.
K: Mh. Yes, I know.
W: There’s a common ... I’m a very convinced Jew as far as history is
concerned. Of Jewishness. And I saw it as my duty as a Jew to work on the spot, here
on the spot, to ensure that they never get another chance.
K: Mh.
W: And that this, eh, because I believed, through the connections I had,
already from the resistance and the emigration and again anew, that I said that it
was also necessary for us, individuals who survived, if they were locked in with
this group of friends and this group, this combat group ... I want to say
deliberately combat group. Not with weapons. A combat group against Fascism.
K: Mh.
W: Here.
K: Mh.
W: On the spot. And also against the reaction.
K: Mh.
W: Also against the reaction. And the reaction was there.
K: In what way?
W: Came very quickly, ma- ...
K: In what way?
W: ... massively.
K: In what way? So it’s June ’46 then, you’re
coming back.
W: Yes. Everything was fine at first. We sit together, we meet with Social Democrats, young ones, and
so on, right. I was in the party at the time.
K: In the Communist Party of
Germany
(KPD)?
W: In the Communist Party of
Germany
(KPD). And eh, ...
K: Then where did you live here in Hamburg-Eppendorf?
W: Where did I live? I got a place to stay in Flottbek because I had
relatives, my wife had relatives there, right.
K: Mh.
W: And eh, I also had the hope back then that we would, as I said that, from
the Kreisau Circle to the
Communists, [build] a democratic,
socially oriented front that would never let this come up again, not for ever. And I
had seen the obligation as a survivor. I just couldn’t, I had the feeling that I
couldn’t stay in England while the others went back, eh, my friends, and work here
and ... It was very, very difficult for me. I have to say that. They asked me:
“Well, Wolf, aren’t you happy,” the friends asked, “that you’re going back to
Germany now?”
K: Mh.
W: Do you know what I answered? “I […] -, I’m
going back to Germany as if I were in the anti-Fascist fight like in Spain. It’s a kind of
Spain for me.”
So, that’s how down I was.
K: Mh.
W: Not a moment of joy. Not at all! No relationship at all. Only my
anti-Fascist friends. And I found them very quickly here too, didn’t I?
K: Mh. Who were they, these men or women ...
W: They were ...
K: ... of those initial days?
W: ... surviving resistance fighters.
K: Mh.
W: Immediately. Above all, the victims of the
Nazi
regime. Committee of Former Political Prisoners.
K: Mh.
W: Who right away had me, so, I worked at the Jewish Congregation for a while.
K: Mh. Speaking of which, you worked at the Jewish congregation. Did you
encounter any fates there, and were you told any stories?
W: I only had to deal with people who were saved by their Christian wives.
All the others were exterminated.
K: Mh. So, you have ...
W: Only, there were only people working in the Jewish Congregation ...
K: Mh.
W: ... who were alive because they had Christian wives. Only those. I never
met anyone again who had been in a Jewish marriage.
K: Mh. So, you didn’t meet any former (concentration) camp
victims either, so hardly any ...
W: Mh.
K: I can hardly believe it. There were ... after all.
W: Mh, yes, yes.
W: But some people came back who survived. For example, Dr. Löffler, who had a very
high position here in the Senate. Who had been in Theresienstadt, yes, who
had been in Theresienstadt.
K: Mh.
W: He came back from there. Yes, we have, a few of us have survived.
K: Mh. I mean, did you also provide charitable services there, or some of
them did come back highly traumatized, didn’t they?
W: Yes, of course. Eh, we worked there together and it was a very difficult
situation. I first worked for the Committee of Former Political Prisoners Komitee ehemaliger politischer
Gefangener and then, because the head of the
Jewish
Congregation knew me from before, from the youth movement, he asked me if I would work for him, and
then I did.
K: Who, who was the leader back then?
W: His name was Goldstein, wasn’t it.
K: Mh.
W: For a while, and then I started to study, right.
K: Mh. Mh.
W: That was also the right thing for me. I could pick that up again, I was
able to go straight in.
K: Mh.
W: I had my high school graduation diploma ...
K: Yes.
W: ... from ‘33 in my pocket.
K: Mh.
W: They accepted me immediately. And then things actually started to look
up. You got together with young people, sensible people who would never ...
“Without me,” the movement was there.
K: Mh.
W: It was very f-, fast, so fed up with the war and ...
K: Mh.
W: ... because of that ... That was a favorable situation for me, right.
K: Mh.
W: Well, I have to say, I told you, I didn’t have to suffer much from
antisemitism in Germany.
K: Mh.
W: In post-war Germany.
K: Mh. And it wasn’t a problem for you to come to terms with that
psychologically? These are: I’m one of the few survivors. And I’m in Hamburg now.
W: That was [illegible material], I became ill of course.
K: Yes, I wanted to [illegible material] ...
W: That has something to do with it.
K: You need to know whether ...
W: Of course not. So, the ... [illegible material]
W: Yes, yes, ...
W: The female doctor then in, ...
W: ... the female doctor in Bergen-Belsen, where I went
for care, she said, “It’s psychosomatic in your case.”
K: Mh.
W: Well, that makes you more susceptible and all that. Certainly.
K: Mh.
W: So, it was very problematic.
K: So, it was ‘46 / ‘47 or
later?
W: Yes, it was ‘46. I came back in ‘46.
K: Mh. I started studying in the fall of ‘47, and
in ’48, I became seriously ill, ’47 in the f-, winter.
K: Mh.
W: And then, with the help of the Jewish organization, I was sent to
Bergen-Belsen,
where SS
doctors had to provide care, right, for the seriously ill.
K: Mh.
W: Of course, I came in contact with victims, only victims.
K: Mh.
W: Nah. As I was still in Bergen-Belsen at the time,
I still tried to avoid the places where, was on the edge, where the […]-, you know
in Bergen-Belsen
there are horrible places, ...
K: Mh.
W: ... where the people were found, ...
K: Mh.
W: ... when the English occupied the area, right.
K: Mh.
W: What happened there. The last camps, right.
K: Mh.
W: You heard about that?
K: Yes, yes.
W: I witnessed all those things. And, but I don’t regret it at all. It was
difficult, but I was so, I have to be so grateful that I, I mean, I told you my
fate, I have to be so grateful about the way I escaped. And if I felt an obligation
back in 1934 to do something against the Nazis, ...
K: Mh.
W: ... then I have to carry on.
K: Mh.
W: Not only against the Nazis, but perhaps also in a positive sense.
K: Mh. Mh.
[…]
Kurt van der Walde was born in Posen (today Poznan in Poland ) on January 20, 1915, but he grew up mainly in Hamburg-Eppendorf, where his father worked in the metal trade. After graduating from the Heinrich-Hertz-Realgymnasium [a high school focused on science, math, and modern languages], Kurt van der Walde completed a commercial apprenticeship in a textile company. In his spare time, he was active in various left-wing (non-Zionist) youth groups, including the Socialist Revolutionary Youth Movement Sozialistische Revolutionäre Jugendbewegung. He was arrested in 1936 and sentenced for “preparation to high treason” [“Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat”]. After being released from prison in 1938, he emigrated to Britain, where he worked in the industrial sector (such as a wire-weaving mill) in Manchester. He married a Hamburg woman in exile and had a daughter with her. Kurt van der Walde returned to Hamburg in November 1946 because he wanted to become politically active against reactionary tendencies in post-war Germany. He belonged to the Free German League of Culture and later – until it was banned in 1956 – to the Communist Party. Also active in the Committee of Former Political Prisoners Komitee ehemaliger politischer Gefangener and in the Jewish Congregation, he was involved as a contemporary witness for the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – VVN. After studying history and English, he worked as a teacher. Following the death of his first wife, he remarried. Kurt van der Walde died in Hamburg-Eppendorf in 2003.
Interview with Kurt van der Walde, conducted by Alfons Kenkmann, on May 9 and 30, 1994, FZH / WdE 251. (translated by Erwin Fink), edited in: Key Documents of German-Jewish History, <https://keydocuments.net/source/jgo:source-272> [November 21, 2024].