Interview with Kurt van der Walde, conducted by Alfons Kenkmann, on May 9 and 30, 1994, FZH / WdE 251.

English Translation

    Kurt van der Walde at the time of the in­ter­view, FZH / WdE 251, Al­fons Kenkmann
    []

    W: In, in the com­pany where I worked, and the war went on and was slowly com­ing to an end, and the ques­tions kept com­ing: “Kurt, when are you going home?” Came from in­di­vid­u­als too, of course.
    K: So, they, they asked when, when are you going back?
    W: Not at all, no mal­ice, not at all. And again, I have to em­pha­size this here, it has to be said, the women in par­tic­u­lar con­ducted them­selves very well.
    K: Mh.
    W: The women work­ers. That’s quite amaz­ing.
    K: Mh.
    W: I don’t want to gen­er­al­ize ei­ther.
    K: Mh.
    W: For heaven’s sake, not that they were all the same. But one uh, just the ex­am­ple when I came back: ...
    K: Mh.
    W: Men often went: “When are you going home?” We have to give that as an ex­am­ple. And I de­cided to re­turn in 1946.
    K: When?
    W: In No­vem­ber, after all, I could only re­turn when the ship was sail­ing and if Eng­land was pre­pared to let me go back.
    K: Ah.
    W: And it was Carl-​Heinz Reb­stock who asked me to re­turn; he had sur­vived. And there were al­ready con­nec­tions from our side as well, as I was or­ga­nized in the Free Ger­man League of Cul­ture Freier Deutscher Kul­tur­bund, ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... and there were al­ready con­nec­tions to bring Ger­mans back to Ger­many, eh, eh, refugees back to Ger­many. Why? In order to help.
    K: Was it one of the first op­por­tu­ni­ties to re­turn?
    W: For me, it was the first op­por­tu­nity. They were per­haps the first ones to re­turn, maybe four, five months be­fore that.
    K: Mh.
    W: Not any time ear­lier.
    K: Mh.
    W: There was a cer­tain in­hi­bi­tion, ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... to let us go back, be­cause any­way, there were quite a few Com­mu­nists among us.
    K: Mh.
    W: And eh, the British oc­cu­pa­tion au­thor­i­ties were sus­pi­cious of let­ting such peo­ple go back.
    K: Mh.
    W: No, that’s quite clear to us. How­ever, even­tu­ally it was through the re­quests by friends that it hap­pened, wasn’t it.
    K: Mh. So, you wanted to, you were about to de­scribe, I in­ter­rupted you, I’m sorry, eh, the women, how did the women react when you left?
    [] Abridged: About the work in the wire-​weaving mill
    W: Yes. So eh, they said to me when they heard that I had reg­is­tered in, in, I reg­is­tered very early, at the be­gin­ning of Sep­tem­ber, at the be­gin­ning of eh, at the be­gin­ning of ‘46, I reg­is­tered, ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... In ’45, I had al­ready reg­is­tered, at the be­gin­ning of ‘46, I think, and when they heard that, they said, they scolded me. They said: “Lis­ten, you’re crazy. You’ve got a wife, you’ve got a child, you can’t go over to the circ-, do you know what cir­cum­stances are like over there? You can’t go there. You can’t do that.” All of the women.
    K: Mh.
    W: And a whole bunch of men went: "Kurt, when are you going home?"
    K: Mh, mh.
    W: Well, it was the work­place, wasn’t it.
    K: Yes, yes, yes.
    W: It’s in­ter­est­ing, isn’t it.
    K: Mh.
    W: With women, this per­sonal, this em­pa­thy for ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... fam­ily con­cerns ...
    K: The men also per­ceived you as a com­peti­tor.
    W: Yes. But not the women.
    K: Mh.
    W: That’s in­ter­est­ing, isn’t it? Not a sin­gle woman. So, they prac­ti­cally swarmed me. And then, when I vis­ited them again after ten years, it was so won­der­ful. I went back, I made a sen­ti­men­tal jour­ney. By then I was al­ready in the teach­ing pro­fes­sion.
    K: Mh.
    W: I was able to do that. And that was so strange: The men were much more re­served and all that. I’m not say­ing any­thing against them, they were nice and all that. The women, they started mak­ing (laughs slightly), a real fuss, didn’t they? I al­ways say (W. in an el­e­vated mood): “Blody Kurt” and then they were like that, right. So, I’ll never for­get that, no.
    K: Mh.
    W: Well, that was such a friend­ship, wasn’t it. That’s why I would say I’m in­cred­i­bly grate­ful to Eng­land, ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... for what they did for me.
    K: Mh.
    W: So, they saved me and my fam­ily too. [] Abridged: About the pro­fes­sional ac­tiv­ity in Eng­land
    W: The only thing I want to say po­lit­i­cally is that we were or­ga­nized with refugees ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... to­gether in the Free Ger­man League of Cul­ture Freier Deutscher Kul­tur­bund, which ...
    K: What am I to un­der­stand by that?
    W: Yes, so these are peo­ple who eh, con­tin­ued the re­sis­tance, ba­si­cally the idea of re­sis­tance, which was con­ducted in Ger­many, eh, abroad in favor of the Ger­man anti-​Fascists and never wished to break off the con­nec­tion to Ger­man anti-​Fascism; and the closer the end of Hitler ap­proached, they pre­pared the readi­ness to go back to Ger­many as early as pos­si­ble to join anti-​Fascists, they were out­spo­ken anti-​Fascists, to be able to work along anti-​Fascist ways in Ger­many. Ex­cerpt 4a, 08:14-16:04, du­ra­tion: 07:58
    K: Now allow me a ques­tion: After all, it’s un­usual to re­turn as a Jew.
    W: Yes.
    K: What were your dri­ving forces?
    W: That was my ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... ac­tu­ally an oblig­a­tion had been grow­ing. Eh, it prob­a­bly stemmed from the time when I de­cided to join the re­sis­tance. That was a con­ti­nu­ity.
    K: Mh.
    W: Well, then what was added, what came to­gether at that time and place: Never again. Since I’ve sur­vived after all, to join, united, in the ef­fort, work­ing to­gether so that they’d never again have a chance.
    K: Mh.
    W: Op­ti­mistic. Very op­ti­mistic.
    K: Mh, mh.
    K: And eh, the feel­ing now of re­turn­ing as a Jew, where eh, ...
    W: Yes.
    K: a ma­jor­ity...
    W: Yes.
    K: ... of the Ger­man Jews ...
    W: Yes, yes.
    K: ... had been mur­dered.
    W: Be­cause I thought, you see, you might re­mem­ber my state­ment in the cab.
    K: Mh. Yes, I know.
    W: There’s a com­mon ... I’m a very con­vinced Jew as far as his­tory is con­cerned. Of Jew­ish­ness. And I saw it as my duty as a Jew to work on the spot, here on the spot, to en­sure that they never get an­other chance.
    K: Mh.
    W: And that this, eh, be­cause I be­lieved, through the con­nec­tions I had, al­ready from the re­sis­tance and the em­i­gra­tion and again anew, that I said that it was also nec­es­sary for us, in­di­vid­u­als who sur­vived, if they were locked in with this group of friends and this group, this com­bat group ... I want to say de­lib­er­ately com­bat group. Not with weapons. A com­bat group against Fas­cism.
    K: Mh.
    W: Here.
    K: Mh.
    W: On the spot. And also against the re­ac­tion.
    K: Mh.
    W: Also against the re­ac­tion. And the re­ac­tion was there.
    K: In what way?
    W: Came very quickly, ma- ...
    K: In what way?
    W: ... mas­sively.
    K: In what way? So it’s June ’46 then, you’re com­ing back.
    W: Yes. Every­thing was fine at first. We sit to­gether, we meet with So­cial De­moc­rats, young ones, and so on, right. I was in the party at the time.
    K: In the Com­mu­nist Party of Ger­many (KPD)?
    W: In the Com­mu­nist Party of Ger­many (KPD). And eh, ...
    K: Then where did you live here in Hamburg-​Ep­pen­dorf?
    W: Where did I live? I got a place to stay in Flot­tbek be­cause I had rel­a­tives, my wife had rel­a­tives there, right.
    K: Mh.
    W: And eh, I also had the hope back then that we would, as I said that, from the Kreisau Cir­cle to the Com­mu­nists, [build] a de­mo­c­ra­tic, so­cially ori­ented front that would never let this come up again, not for ever. And I had seen the oblig­a­tion as a sur­vivor. I just couldn’t, I had the feel­ing that I couldn’t stay in Eng­land while the oth­ers went back, eh, my friends, and work here and ... It was very, very dif­fi­cult for me. I have to say that. They asked me: “Well, Wolf, aren’t you happy,” the friends asked, “that you’re going back to Ger­many now?”
    K: Mh.
    W: Do you know what I an­swered? “I [] -, I’m going back to Ger­many as if I were in the anti-​Fascist fight like in Spain. It’s a kind of Spain for me.” So, that’s how down I was.
    K: Mh.
    W: Not a mo­ment of joy. Not at all! No re­la­tion­ship at all. Only my anti-​Fascist friends. And I found them very quickly here too, didn’t I?
    K: Mh. Who were they, these men or women ...
    W: They were ...
    K: ... of those ini­tial days?
    W: ... sur­viv­ing re­sis­tance fight­ers.
    K: Mh.
    W: Im­me­di­ately. Above all, the vic­tims of the Nazi regime. Com­mit­tee of For­mer Po­lit­i­cal Pris­on­ers.
    K: Mh.
    W: Who right away had me, so, I worked at the Jew­ish Con­gre­ga­tion for a while.
    K: Mh. Speak­ing of which, you worked at the Jew­ish con­gre­ga­tion. Did you en­counter any fates there, and were you told any sto­ries?
    W: I only had to deal with peo­ple who were saved by their Chris­t­ian wives. All the oth­ers were ex­ter­mi­nated.
    K: Mh. So, you have ...
    W: Only, there were only peo­ple work­ing in the Jew­ish Con­gre­ga­tion ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... who were alive be­cause they had Chris­t­ian wives. Only those. I never met any­one again who had been in a Jew­ish mar­riage.
    K: Mh. So, you didn’t meet any for­mer (con­cen­tra­tion) camp vic­tims ei­ther, so hardly any ...
    W: Mh.
    K: I can hardly be­lieve it. There were ... after all.
    W: Mh, yes, yes.
    W: But some peo­ple came back who sur­vived. For ex­am­ple, Dr. Löffler, who had a very high po­si­tion here in the Sen­ate. Who had been in There­sien­stadt, yes, who had been in There­sien­stadt.
    K: Mh.
    W: He came back from there. Yes, we have, a few of us have sur­vived.
    K: Mh. I mean, did you also pro­vide char­i­ta­ble ser­vices there, or some of them did come back highly trau­ma­tized, didn’t they?
    W: Yes, of course. Eh, we worked there to­gether and it was a very dif­fi­cult sit­u­a­tion. I first worked for the Com­mit­tee of For­mer Po­lit­i­cal Pris­on­ers Komi­tee ehe­ma­liger poli­tis­cher Gefan­gener and then, be­cause the head of the Jew­ish Con­gre­ga­tion knew me from be­fore, from the youth move­ment, he asked me if I would work for him, and then I did.
    K: Who, who was the leader back then?
    W: His name was Gold­stein, wasn’t it.
    K: Mh.
    W: For a while, and then I started to study, right.
    K: Mh. Mh.
    W: That was also the right thing for me. I could pick that up again, I was able to go straight in.
    K: Mh.
    W: I had my high school grad­u­a­tion diploma ...
    K: Yes.
    W: ... from ‘33 in my pocket.
    K: Mh.
    W: They ac­cepted me im­me­di­ately. And then things ac­tu­ally started to look up. You got to­gether with young peo­ple, sen­si­ble peo­ple who would never ... “With­out me,” the move­ment was there.
    K: Mh.
    W: It was very f-, fast, so fed up with the war and ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... be­cause of that ... That was a fa­vor­able sit­u­a­tion for me, right.
    K: Mh.
    W: Well, I have to say, I told you, I didn’t have to suf­fer much from an­ti­semitism in Ger­many.
    K: Mh.
    W: In post-​war Ger­many.
    K: Mh. And it wasn’t a prob­lem for you to come to terms with that psy­cho­log­i­cally? These are: I’m one of the few sur­vivors. And I’m in Ham­burg now.
    W: That was [il­leg­i­ble ma­te­r­ial], I be­came ill of course.
    K: Yes, I wanted to [il­leg­i­ble ma­te­r­ial] ...
    W: That has some­thing to do with it.
    K: You need to know whether ...
    W: Of course not. So, the ... [il­leg­i­ble ma­te­r­ial]
    W: Yes, yes, ...
    W: The fe­male doc­tor then in, ...
    W: ... the fe­male doc­tor in Bergen-​Belsen, where I went for care, she said, “It’s psy­cho­so­matic in your case.”
    K: Mh.
    W: Well, that makes you more sus­cep­ti­ble and all that. Cer­tainly.
    K: Mh.
    W: So, it was very prob­lem­atic.
    K: So, it was ‘46 / ‘47 or later?
    W: Yes, it was ‘46. I came back in ‘46.
    K: Mh. I started study­ing in the fall of ‘47, and in ’48, I be­came se­ri­ously ill, ’47 in the f-, win­ter.
    K: Mh.
    W: And then, with the help of the Jew­ish or­ga­ni­za­tion, I was sent to Bergen-​Belsen, where SS doc­tors had to pro­vide care, right, for the se­ri­ously ill.
    K: Mh.
    W: Of course, I came in con­tact with vic­tims, only vic­tims.
    K: Mh.
    W: Nah. As I was still in Bergen-​Belsen at the time, I still tried to avoid the places where, was on the edge, where the […]-, you know in Bergen-​Belsen there are hor­ri­ble places, ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... where the peo­ple were found, ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... when the Eng­lish oc­cu­pied the area, right.
    K: Mh.
    W: What hap­pened there. The last camps, right.
    K: Mh.
    W: You heard about that?
    K: Yes, yes.
    W: I wit­nessed all those things. And, but I don’t re­gret it at all. It was dif­fi­cult, but I was so, I have to be so grate­ful that I, I mean, I told you my fate, I have to be so grate­ful about the way I es­caped. And if I felt an oblig­a­tion back in 1934 to do some­thing against the Nazis, ...
    K: Mh.
    W: ... then I have to carry on.
    K: Mh.
    W: Not only against the Nazis, but per­haps also in a pos­i­tive sense.
    K: Mh. Mh.
    []

    Source Description

    Kurt van der Walde was born in Posen (today Poz­nan in Poland ) on Jan­u­ary 20, 1915, but he grew up mainly in Hamburg-​Ep­pen­dorf, where his fa­ther worked in the metal trade. After grad­u­at­ing from the Heinrich-​Hertz-Realgymnasium [a high school fo­cused on sci­ence, math, and mod­ern lan­guages], Kurt van der Walde com­pleted a com­mer­cial ap­pren­tice­ship in a tex­tile com­pany. In his spare time, he was ac­tive in var­i­ous left-​wing (non-​Zionist) youth groups, in­clud­ing the So­cial­ist Rev­o­lu­tion­ary Youth Move­ment Sozial­is­tis­che Revolutionäre Ju­gend­be­we­gung. He was ar­rested in 1936 and sen­tenced for “prepa­ra­tion to high trea­son” [“Vor­bere­itung zum Hochver­rat”]. After being re­leased from prison in 1938, he em­i­grated to Britain, where he worked in the in­dus­trial sec­tor (such as a wire-​weaving mill) in Man­ches­ter. He mar­ried a Ham­burg woman in exile and had a daugh­ter with her. Kurt van der Walde re­turned to Ham­burg in No­vem­ber 1946 be­cause he wanted to be­come po­lit­i­cally ac­tive against re­ac­tionary ten­den­cies in post-​war Ger­many. He be­longed to the Free Ger­man League of Cul­ture and later – until it was banned in 1956 – to the Com­mu­nist Party. Also ac­tive in the Com­mit­tee of For­mer Po­lit­i­cal Pris­on­ers Komi­tee ehe­ma­liger poli­tis­cher Gefan­gener and in the Jew­ish Con­gre­ga­tion, he was in­volved as a con­tem­po­rary wit­ness for the As­so­ci­a­tion of Per­se­cu­tees of the Nazi Regime Vere­ini­gung der Ver­fol­gten des Naziregimes – VVN. After study­ing his­tory and Eng­lish, he worked as a teacher. Fol­low­ing the death of his first wife, he re­mar­ried. Kurt van der Walde died in Hamburg-​Ep­pen­dorf in 2003.

    Recommended Citation

    Interview with Kurt van der Walde, conducted by Alfons Kenkmann, on May 9 and 30, 1994, FZH / WdE 251. (translated by Erwin Fink), edited in: Key Documents of German-Jewish History, <https://keydocuments.net/source/jgo:source-272> [April 23, 2025].