1887-1916 SPD, 1911-1916 Chairman, centrist; 1915 against the government's war aims; 1917-1919 USPD Chairman; 1918 on the Council of People's Representatives; 1919 member of the National Assembly, attorney for the poet Ernst Toller before the summary court; died of the consequences of an assassination attempt; member of the Reichstag 10.06.1897 - Jan. 1907, Jan. 1912 - Nov. 1918
